.NET/ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET PDF Document SDK

C# is not the only language that runs on the .NET Framework. Indeed, support for multiple languages has always been a key feature of .NET, reflected in the name of its runtime engine, the CLR or Common Language Runtime. As this name implies, .NET is not just for one language numerous languages have access to the services of the .NET Framework class library. Why might you choose C# over the others We already mentioned one important reason: C# was designed specifically for .NET. If you are working with .NET technologies such as WPF or ASP.NET, you ll be speaking their language if you work in C#. Compare this with C++, which supports .NET through extensions to the original language. The extensions are carefully thought out and work well, but code that uses .NET libraries just looks different from normal C++, so programs that bridge the worlds of .NET and standard C++ never feel completely coherent. And the dual personality often presents dilemmas should you use standard C++ collection classes or the ones in the .NET class library, for example In native .NET languages such as C#, such questions do not emerge. But C# is not unique in this respect. Visual Studio 2010 ships with three languages designed for .NET: C#, VB.NET, and F#. (Although VB.NET follows on from its non-.NET Visual Basic predecessors, it was radically different in some important ways. It is a native .NET language with a VB-like syntax rather than VB 6 with .NET capabilities bolted on.) The choice between these languages comes down to what style of language you prefer.

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When you first installed Drupal, the installation script required a number of fields, such as default country, site name, e-mail address, and more. Always double-check these settings before configuring a site just to make sure you ve entered all the information correctly. In this section, I will cover basic configuration settings such as site information, regional settings, date and time, clean URLs, and the file system. Site configuration settings are available by clicking the Configuration link in the administrative toolbar.

F# is the odd one out here. It s a functional programming language, heavily influenced by a language called ML. Back in 1991, when your authors were first-year students, our university s computer science course chose ML for the first programming language lectures in part because it was so academic that none of the students would previously have come across anything like it. F# is still at the academic end of the spectrum despite having climbed far enough down the ivory tower to be a standard part of a mainstream development environment. It excels at complicated calculations and algorithms, and has some characteristics that can help with parallel execution. However, as with many functional languages, the cost of making some hard problems easier is that a lot of things that are easy in more traditional languages are remarkably hard in F# functional languages are adept at complex problems, but can be clumsy with simple ones. It seems likely that F# will mostly be used in scientific or financial applications where the complexity of the computation to be performed dwarfs the complexity of the code that needs to act on the results of those calculations. While F# feels distinctly other, VB.NET and C# have a lot of similarities. The most obvious factor in choosing between these is that VB.NET is easier to learn for someone familiar with Visual Basic syntax, while C# will be easier for someone familiar with a C-like language. However, there is a subtler difference in language philosophy that goes beyond the syntax.

11.2 Cross-site scripting (XSS)

A consistent theme in the design of the C# programming language is that its creators tend to prefer general-purpose features over specialized ones. The most obvious example of this is LINQ, the Language INtegrated Query feature added in C# 3.0. Superficially, this appears to add SQL-like query features to the language, providing a natural way to integrate database access into your code. Example 1-2 shows a simple query.

var californianAuthors = from author in pubs.authors where author.state == "CA" select new { author.au_fname, author.au_lname }; foreach (var author in californianAuthors) { Console.WriteLine(author); }

Despite appearances, C# doesn t know anything about SQL or databases. To enable this syntax, C# 3.0 added a raft of language features which, in combination, allow code of this sort to be used not just for database access, but also for XML parsing, or working

Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a technique where a malicious user manipulates the system so that special JavaScript appears on the vulnerable website script that visiting browsers subsequently execute. Traditionally that malicious script sends a request to a third-party site containing sensitive data. That s the cross-site part. A user puts a script on one site that sends secret data to another conspiring site. The trick for the hacker is to get the script to run on the vulnerable site.

with object models. Moreover, many of the individual features can be used in other contexts, as we ll see in later chapters. C# prefers small, composable, general-purpose features over monolithic, specialized ones. A striking example of this philosophy is a feature that was demonstrated in prototype form in C#, but which eventually got left out: XML literals. This experimental syntax allowed inline XML, which compiled into code that built an object model representing that XML. The C# team s decision to omit this feature illustrates a stylistic preference for generality over highly specialized features while the LINQ syntax has many applications, XML literal syntax cannot be used for anything other than XML, and this degree of specialization would feel out of place in C#.*